Eyewitness Identification
نویسندگان
چکیده
blank lineup (target absent lineup) A lineup in which all the members are known to be innocent . cognitive interview An interview technique designed to enhance memory and communication of events through the use of guided retrieval techniques . effective size The number of plausible members in a lineup . encoding specificity principle If cues that were present at encoding are also present at retrieval, recall of stored information is more likely . estimator variables Factors in eyewitness situations whose influence can only be estimated and are not under the control of the justice system. eyewitness A person who observes an event and can provide information about that event . lineup bias A lineup constructed in a manner that leads the suspect to stand out from the other lineup members .
منابع مشابه
Eyewitness testimony.
The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitness identification for investigating and prosecuting crimes. Psychology has built the only scientific literature on eyewitness identification and has warned the justice system of problems with eyewitness identification evidence. Recent DNA exoneration cases have corroborated the warnings of eyewitness identification researchers by showing tha...
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Eyewitness error is one of the leading causes of wrongful convictions. In fact, the American Psychological Association estimates that one in three eyewitnesses make an erroneous identification. In this review, we look briefly at some of the causes of eyewitness error. We examine what jurors, judges, attorneys, law officers, and experts from various countries know about eyewitness testimony and ...
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In an influential case (Neil v Biggers, 1972), the U S Supreme Court identified five catena to be considered m judging eyewitness identification evidence The Court's intuitions may need reassessment m light of recent psychological research evidence Especially in need of review is the assumption that eyewitness certainty and eyewitness identification accuracy are usefully related Under a variety...
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The reliability of eyewitness identification has attracted concern from the legal profession in England for at least 100 years. In 1904 a committee of enquiry was established to investigate the trials of Adolf Beck. Incredibly, on two separate occasions Adolf Beck was wrongly convicted on the basis of mistaken eyewitness identification. In both trials, multiple eyewitnesses identified Beck as a...
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Eyewitness identification research and reform are being reconsidered in light of research suggesting that reforms that were once thought to increase identification accuracy may have little effect on accuracy or may actually decrease accuracy. This article addresses three questions: How should eyewitness identification procedures be evaluated? How can the research-policy collaboration prevent po...
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In the past 30 years researchers have examined the impact of heightened stress on the fidelity of eyewitness memory. Meta-analyses were conducted on 27 independent tests of the effects of heightened stress on eyewitness identification of the perpetrator or target person and separately on 36 tests of eyewitness recall of details associated with the crime. There was considerable support for the h...
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